Focal Length of Spherical Lenses

Focal Length of Spherical Lenses

Physics Lab Manual NCERT Solutions Class 12 Physics Sample Papers

Spherical lens
(а) Definition: A piece of a transparent medium bounded by atleast one spherical surface, is called a spherical lens.
(b) Types: There are two types of spherical lenses.

1. Convex or Converging Lenses: These are thick in the middle and thin at the edges.
2. Concave or Diverging Lenses: These are thin in the middle and thick at the edges.

(c) Different types of convex lenses: The three types of convex lenses are

1. double convex
2. plano-convex
3. concavo-convex

(d) Different types of concave lenses: The three types of concave lenses are

1. double concave
2. plano-concave
3. convexo-concave
   

Terms associated with spherical lenses

1. Aperture: The diameter of the circular edge of the lens, is called the aperture of the lens.
   In diagram  AB is the aperture of the lens.
2. Principal axis: The straight line passing through the two centres of curvature of the two spherical surfaces of the lens (or through one centre of curvature of one spherical surface and normal to the other plane surface), is called the principal axis of the lens.
   
3. Optical centre: It is a point on the principal axis of the lens, such that a ray of light passing through it goes undeviated.
   In diagram, O is the optical centre of the lens.
4. First principal focus: It is a point on the principal axis of the lens, such that the rays actually diverging from it (in case of a convex lens) or appearing to be going towards it (in case of a concave lens), after refraction from the lens, go parallel to the principal axis.
   In diagram,F ₁ is the first principal focus of the lens. (For object at F ₁ image at infinity).
5. Second principal focus: It is a point on the principal axis of the lens, such that the rays incident on the lens parallel to the principal axis after refraction from the lens, actually meet at this point (in case of a convex lens) or appear to come from it (in case of a concave lens).
   In diagram, F ₂ is the second principal focus of the lens (For image at F ₂ object at infinity).
6. Focal length: The distance between the optical centre of the lens and the principal focus (first or second) of the lens, is called focal length of the lens. It is represented by the symbol f. In diagram,OF ₁ = OF ₂ = f.
7. Principal section: A section of the lens cut by a plane passing through the principal focus and optical centre of the lens, is called principal section of the lens. It contains the principal axis.
   In diagram, the shaded portion is the principal section of the lens cut by the plane of the book page.

Three special rays
The special rays are :

1. Incident on the lens parallel to principal axis. After refraction from the lens, it actually passes through second principal focus F ₂ (in case of a convex lens) or appears to come from the second principal focus F ₂ (in case of a concave lens).
   
2. Incident on the lens through first principal focus F ₁ (in case of a convex lens) or in direction of first principal focus F ₁ (in case of a concave lens).
   After refraction from the lens, it goes parallel to the principal axis.
3. Incident on the lens in direction of optical centre. It passes undeviated through the lens.

Sign convention
(a) Definition: It is a convention, which fixes the sign of different distances measured. The sign convention followed is the New Cartesian sign convention.
(b) Rules: It gives following rules:

1. All distances are measured from the optical centre of the lens (along the principal axis).
2. The distances measured in the same direction as the direction of incident light, are taken as positive.
3. The distances measured opposite to the direction of incident light, are taken as negative.
4. The distances measured above the principal axis are taken as positive but distances measured below the principal axis are taken as negative.
   

(c) Facts: According to above mentioned rules of sign convention,

1. Focal length for a convex lens is taken positive and the same for concave lens is taken negative.
2. The distance of an object is always negative.
3. The distance for real image is positive, while that for a virtual image is negative.
4. The size of object is positive and size of real image is negative while size of virtual image is positive.

Lens formula
The equation relating the object distance (u), the image distance (u) and the lens focal length (f), is called lens formula. It is also called Gaussian formula.

Assumptions made
Following assumptions are made in derivation of the lens formula.

1. The lens is thin.
2. The lens has a small aperture.
3. The point object lies on to the principal axis and placed perpendicular.
4. The incident rays make small angles with the lens surface or the principal axis.

Position, nature and size of image when object is put in different position in front of a convex lens
It is described below in tabular form.

Power of a lens
(a) Definition: It is the capacity or ability of a lens to deviate (converge or diverge) the path of rays passing through it. A lens producing more converging or more diverging is said to have more power and vice-versa.
It is represented by the symbol P.
(b) Relation with focal length: A lens of less focal length produces more converging or diverging rays and is said to have more power.

(c) Unit: Unit of power is dioptre (D). One dioptre is the power of a lens of focal length 1 metre.

(d) Sign: A converging lens has positive focal length and positive power.
A diverging lens has negative focal length and negative power.

Lens combination
(a) Definition: Two or more thin lenses, placed in contact together to have a common principal axis, form a lens combination.
(b) Focal length: If f ₁ , f ₂ ,….., f _n be the focal length of individual lens and F be the focal
length of the combination.

Note: The lenses forming the combination must be thin to have their optical centres coinciding at one point to represent optical centre of the combination.
(c) Power: If P ₁ , P ₂ ,….., P _n be the power of individual lenses and P be the power of the
combination.

(d) Magnification: If m ₁ , m ₂ ,….., m _n are the magnification of individual lenses and m is the equivalent magnification of the combination then,

Chromatic aberration of a lens
(a) Definition: The defect or drawback of a lens due to which it makes a coloured image of an object illuminated with white light, is called chromatic aberration. It is due to dispersion of white light by lens (just like a prism does).
(b) Remedy: It is removed by combining a convex and a concave lens of suitable focal length and material.
The combination of two lenses is called an achromatic combination (achromic doublet).

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